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Unreinforced masonry (URM) has been widely used in heritage structures across the world as a construction material that needs continuous monitoring and intervention to withstand any unforeseen actions. The URM walls of these buildings, on many occasions, were constructed of bonded brickwork walls, consisting of two or more bricks layers in thickness.  These bonded URM buildings usually suffer severe damage under seismic actions due to brittleness, poor connectivity/tensile strength and low energy dissipation capacity.  Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the optimum retrofitting techniques to minimise damage during seismic actions. Extensive research studies have been performed on the strengthening of URM walls to mitigate damages against seismic and other extreme actions.  More than 50,000 material types have been used in retrofitting, strengthening, design and as an energy-absorbing protective layer on the surface of structures .